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This list of tributaries of imperial China encompasses suzerain kingdoms from China in East Asia.〔Gundry, R. S. "China and her Tributaries," 〕 ==List of tributaries== A status hierarchy was an explicit element of the tributary system in which Korea and Vietnam were ranked higher than others, including Japan, the Ryukyus, Siam, and others.〔Kang, David C. (2010). 〕 All diplomatic and trade missions were construed in the context of a tributary relationship with Imperial China,〔Wang, Zhenping. (2005). ; excerpt, criticizing "the western tributary theory, which sees the world only from the viewpoint of the Chinese and overly simplifies the intricate domestic and international situations ...."〕 including: *Annam〔("Tribute and Trade" ), KoreanHistoryProject.org. Retrieved on 30-01-2007.〕〔Gundry, 〕 *Brunei *Cambodia〔Shambaugh, David L. ''et al.'' (2008). citing the 1818 ''Collected Statutes of the Qing Dynasty'' (''DaQing hui-tien'')〕 * *Kingdom of Funan * *Zhenla *Japan〔Chisholm, Hugh. (1911). 〕〔Yoda, Yoshiie ''et al.'' (1996) ; excerpt, "While other countries in East Asia were almost consistently emeshed within the Chinese tribute system, Japan found itself sometimes inside sometimes outside of the system ...."〕 * * Wa (Japan) (16 tribute missions〔According to the Book of Later Han vol. 85, Records of Three Kingdoms vol. 30 and Book of Jin, vol. 97, 2 tribute missions in 1st century, 4 tribute missions in 3rd century, 10 tribute missions in 5th century was sent to Imperial China.〕)〔Yoda, ; excerpt, "... King Na was awarded the seal of the Monarch of the Kingdom of Wa during the Chinese Han dynasty, and Queen Himiko, who had sent a tribute mission to the Wei Dynasty (third century) was followed by the five kings of Wa who also offered tribute to the Wei. This evidence points to the fact that at this period Japan was inside the Chinese tribute system ...."〕〔Book of Sui, vol. 81〕〔(The Early Relations between China and Japan )〕〔Delmer M. Brown, John Whitney Hall. 〕 * * Japanese missions to Sui China (5 tribute missions)〔〔Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "''Kentoshi''" in ; n.b., Louis-Frédéric is pseudonym of Louis-Frédéric Nussbaum, ''see'' (Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Authority File ).〕〔Yoda, ; excerpt, "... Japanese missions to the Sui () (581-604) ... were recognized by the Chinese as bearers of imperial tribute ...."〕〔(Imperial envoys made perilous passages on kentoshi-sen ships to Tang China ) "The cross-cultural exchanges began with 5 missions between 600 and 614, initially to Sui China (on kenzuishi-sen), and at least 18 or 19 missions were sent to T’ang China from 630 to 894 although not all of them were designated kentoshi."〕 * * Japanese missions to Tang China (16 tribute missions)〔Fogel, Joshua A. (2009). 〕〔Yoda, ; excerpt, "Japanese missions to the ... Tang Dynasties were recognized by the Chinese as bearers of imperial tribute; however, in the middle of the ninth century -- the early Heian Period -- Japan rescinded he sending of missions to the Tang Empire. Subsequently Japan conducted a flourishing trade with China and for the next five hundred years also imported much of Chinese culture, while nevertheless remaining outside the tribute system."〕〔Edwin O. Reischauer (1955). ''Ennin's travels in T'ang China: Chapter Ⅲ - Kentoshi''. ISBN 978-89-460-3814-1〕〔Old book of Tang, vol. 199〕 * *Japanese missions to Ming China (20 tribute and tally trade missions) 〔Fogel, ; Goodrich, Luther Carrington ''et al.'' (1976). ; note: the economic benefit of the Sinocentric tribute system was profitable trade. The tally trade (''kangō bōeki'' or ''kanhe maoyi'' in Chinese) was a system devised and monitored by the Chinese -- see Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric ''et al.'' (2005). ''Japan Encyclopedia,'' p. 471.〕〔Frederick W. Mote, Denis Twitchett, John King Fairbank. 〕 *Korea〔Kwak, Tae-Hwan ''et al.'' (2003). ; excerpt, "The tributary relations between China and Korea came to an end when China was defeated in the Sino-Japanese war of 1894-1895."〕 * *Goguryeo (173 tribute missions) 〔〔Korea Herald. (2004) ''Korea now,'' p. 31; excerpt, "The Chinese also insist that even though Goguryeo was part of Chinese domain, Silla and Baekje were states subjected to China's tributary system."〕 * *Baekje (45 tribute missions) 〔〔 * *Silla (19 tribute missions) 〔〔〔Seth, Michael J. (2006). ; excerpt, "China found instead that its policy of using trade and cultural exchanges and offering legitimacy and prestige to the Silla monarchy was effective in keeping Silla safely in the tributary system. Indeed, the relationship that was worked out in the late seventh and early eighth centuries can be considered the beginning of the mature tributary relationship that would characterize Sino-Korean interchange most of the time until the late nineteenth century;"〕〔Korean History Project, (Unified Silla ).〕 * *Unified Silla (63 tribute missions in 8th century) 〔〔 * *Goryeo (The envoy missions)〔〔Kwak, ; excerpt, "Korea's tributary relations with China began as early as the fifth century, were regularized during the ''Goryeo dynasty (918-1392), and became fully institutionalized during the Yi dynasty (1392-1910)."〕 * *Joseon Dynasty (391 envoy missions between 1392 and 1450, 435 special embassy missions between 1637 and 1881.)〔〔〔 *Nepal〔Kerr, George. (2000). 〕〔Gundry, 〕 *Malaysia * *Tanah Merah Kingdom 〔(Chinese Sui Dynasty annals )〕 * *Kedah Kingdom〔(Kadaram and Kataha )〕 * *Kelantan〔(Kelantan )〕 * *Malacca Sultanate〔(First Ruler of Melaka : Parameswara 1394-1414 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「List of tributaries of Imperial China」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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